{"id":131077,"date":"2021-05-24T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-24T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/what-are-nootropics\/"},"modified":"2025-07-09T16:14:47","modified_gmt":"2025-07-09T16:14:47","slug":"what-are-nootropics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/what-are-nootropics\/","title":{"rendered":"What Are Nootropics and Cognitive Enhancing Supplements?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>You\u2019ve probably seen ads for smart drugs, cognitive enhancers, memory supplements, brain vitamins, and intelligence boosters. But what actually works? In this article, we&#8217;ll dive into the amazing world of natural nootropics, like <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/product\/lions-mane-mushroom-extract\/\">Lion\u2019s Mane<\/a><\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/product\/phosphatidylserine-100mg\/\">Phosphatidylserine<\/a><\/strong>, and explore their benefits for brain health and cognitive performance!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are nootropics?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nootropics can refer to natural food products like caffeine, panax ginseng, and ginkgo biloba. They can also refer to food supplements or medications that enhance cognitive ability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Different nootropics affect your brain health in a variety of ways. Some products may help with memory and mental clarity. Others may give you an energy and productivity boost. Some may even offer mood enhancement and relaxation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When did nootropics start?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nootropics have been around for thousands of years. But the term was only officially coined in 1972 by Corneliu Giurgea, a Romanian psychologist. The term is a portmanteau from the Greek \u201cnoos\u201d (meaning mind) and \u201ctropein\u201d (meaning to bend). Thus, it literally means &#8220;to bend the mind&#8221;. Giurgea also synthesized the first-ever synthetic cognitive enhancer and smart drug.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Giurgea, these are the 5 characteristics of a nootropic:<sup data-fn=\"ab95039a-203a-47ff-ae8c-9ffb5a6e40d8\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"ab95039a-203a-47ff-ae8c-9ffb5a6e40d8-link\" href=\"#ab95039a-203a-47ff-ae8c-9ffb5a6e40d8\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enhances memory and learning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improves natural cognitive functions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Safe, non-toxic, and possess very few side effects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protects the brain from various physical or chemical injuries<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhances the resistance of learned behaviors or memories to disruptive conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are the different types of nootropics?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are 2 types of nootropics \u2013 natural and synthetic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>Natural nootropics<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As the name suggests, these come from natural ingredients. They can be single-ingredient or multiple-ingredient (aka nootropic stack).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Here are a few examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ginkgo biloba \u2013 an old tree species native to China, dating from over 290 million years ago.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L-theanine \u2013 an amino acid found in green tea.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B-vitamins \u2013 found in whole foods like spinach, salmon, and delicious seafood like oysters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Omega-3 fatty acids \u2013 fatty acids with many health benefits, found abundantly in fish.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Caffeine \u2013 found in that cuppa Joe you drink in the morning!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>Synthetic nootropics<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These are substances that aren\u2019t found in nature and are made in a laboratory. Prescription meds belong in this category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/can-a-magnesium-supplement-boost-your-brainpower-01.webp\" alt=\"girl studying in library\" class=\"wp-image-98417\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How do nootropics work?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nootropics work to improve cognitive function and unlock the brain\u2019s true potential. You won\u2019t gain superpowers overnight. But depending on what you take, you may experience a boost in various cognitive abilities. This includes making decisions, solving problems, creativity, focus, memory, and better recall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, some products may help improve your mental drive and motivation. So if you find yourself lacking the mental strength to accomplish tasks, consider taking a nootropic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With that said, nootropics are not created equally. Some may benefit only healthy individuals. Some compounds, like caffeine, only have a short-term effect. Others, like the herb <em>Bacopa monnieri<\/em>, will need to be taken daily for a few weeks to experience any effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are nootropic stacks?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nootropic stacks are a combination of nootropics. You have the flexibility to mix and match various ingredients to achieve their desired effect. But it&#8217;s best to leave stacking to experts.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What nootropics aren\u2019t\u2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t mistake nootropics for psychedelics and hallucinogens. True nootropics will give you a mental boost. But they\u2019re not going to give you hallucinations. And you\u2019re definitely not going to be trippin\u2019! You won\u2019t be able to feel colors or taste sounds. You also won&#8217;t see stationary objects around you come to life. So, don\u2019t expect to get a \u2018high\u2019 by taking them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Who should take nootropics?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There\u2019s a wide range of people who take nootropics for a variety of reasons. Anyone who can use more brainpower to reach their goals can benefit from taking them. This includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Students preparing for an exam.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People in competitive jobs who need to focus on their workflow.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: initial\">Athletes who need to boost mental energy and physical performance. If you\u2019re wondering, most natural nootropics aren\u2019t on the banned list in sports organizations.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tradespeople who are seeing a decrease in productivity and are keen to get back on track.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, nootropics may benefit those wanting to improve their brain health and mental performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When did nootropics become popular?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Even if the word \u2018nootropics\u2019 was only coined a few decades ago, they have been in use for thousands of years. Psychoactive substances, or those that affect the mind, have been in use for millennia for religious, medicinal, and recreational reasons.<sup data-fn=\"d0773479-0ba1-4445-90d2-d053149a28d6\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"d0773479-0ba1-4445-90d2-d053149a28d6-link\" href=\"#d0773479-0ba1-4445-90d2-d053149a28d6\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In ancient Ayurveda, there are medicinal herbs called Medhya Rasayanas. These herbs are used to improve memory, intellect, immunity, nutrition, and overall health.<sup data-fn=\"1401111e-169e-490d-8e10-7a4eaa60054f\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"1401111e-169e-490d-8e10-7a4eaa60054f-link\" href=\"#1401111e-169e-490d-8e10-7a4eaa60054f\">3<\/a><\/sup> One of these herbs is <em>Bacopa monnieri<\/em>, a nootropic whose popularity has continued until the present day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are the best natural nootropics out there?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In no particular order, these are some of the <strong>best natural nootropics<\/strong> you can take:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>1) Lion\u2019s mane mushroom&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1440\" src=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sip-your-way-to-better-health-with-lion-s-mane-mushroom-coffee-02.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-136892\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sip-your-way-to-better-health-with-lion-s-mane-mushroom-coffee-02.webp 1080w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sip-your-way-to-better-health-with-lion-s-mane-mushroom-coffee-02-225x300.webp 225w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sip-your-way-to-better-health-with-lion-s-mane-mushroom-coffee-02-768x1024.webp 768w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sip-your-way-to-better-health-with-lion-s-mane-mushroom-coffee-02-600x800.webp 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/product\/lions-mane-mushroom-extract\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Lion\u2019s mane mushrooms<\/strong><\/a> (Hericium erinaceus) look like their namesake \u2013 the mane of a lion! This culinary-medicinal \u2018shroom is not only delicious (they say it tastes like crab or lobster).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lion&#8217;s mane is said to help improve concentration and reduce anxiety and depression. This is according to a 4-week study on female subjects.<sup data-fn=\"b9044349-34ba-40fa-966f-e618d88b82dd\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"b9044349-34ba-40fa-966f-e618d88b82dd-link\" href=\"#b9044349-34ba-40fa-966f-e618d88b82dd\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another study reported that the mushroom helped improve mild cognitive impairment in older Japanese adults. The elderly subjects took lion\u2019s mane for 16 weeks. During this period, their cognitive scores increased significantly. However, a month after they stopped taking the mushroom, the scores went down as well. This suggests that <strong>lion\u2019s mane does have cognitive effects but will need to be taken consistently<\/strong>. Fortunately, the study showed no adverse effects throughout the study duration.<sup data-fn=\"c7146419-387e-4d18-a761-e102e0172cc2\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"c7146419-387e-4d18-a761-e102e0172cc2-link\" href=\"#c7146419-387e-4d18-a761-e102e0172cc2\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Related article: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/ultimate-guide-lions-mane-mushrooms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Ultimate Guide To Lion&#8217;s Mane Mushrooms<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>2) Caffeine<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Who doesn\u2019t love their cuppa Joe first thing in the morning? Drinking coffee helps shake the mental cobwebs off to prepare you for the day ahead. Not surprisingly, coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. In fact, over 2 billion cups are consumed every day!<sup data-fn=\"d71b0b84-481e-4e3c-968e-836f31f1d9e1\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"d71b0b84-481e-4e3c-968e-836f31f1d9e1-link\" href=\"#d71b0b84-481e-4e3c-968e-836f31f1d9e1\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When taken in low to moderate doses (40mg to 300mg), caffeine can help improve alertness, attention, and reaction time. People who work in jobs that require optimal physical and cognitive function can benefit from caffeine.<sup data-fn=\"8318d976-9ac4-4081-8e40-ccece286e441\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"8318d976-9ac4-4081-8e40-ccece286e441-link\" href=\"#8318d976-9ac4-4081-8e40-ccece286e441\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>3) Bacopa monnieri<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bacopa monnieri, a non-aromatic herb, contains active compounds called bacosides. They act as antioxidants and protect the brain from free radical damage.<sup data-fn=\"3d041986-2aa6-47a0-9411-1d3af31d06b1\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"3d041986-2aa6-47a0-9411-1d3af31d06b1-link\" href=\"#3d041986-2aa6-47a0-9411-1d3af31d06b1\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This non-aromatic herb has been used since ancient times to enhance brain function. In one study, this herb helped improve cognition and reduced reaction time in over 400 subjects. They took it daily for at least 12 weeks.<sup data-fn=\"5a7a8c7a-c978-4cdd-bf9c-6eb3516da549\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"5a7a8c7a-c978-4cdd-bf9c-6eb3516da549-link\" href=\"#5a7a8c7a-c978-4cdd-bf9c-6eb3516da549\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>4) Ginkgo biloba<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts reveal that it contains powerful antioxidants. Some studies show promising results in terms of improving cognitive function in healthy older adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One such study followed male subjects for 8 months. They took ginkgo biloba daily and came back with interesting findings. Apparently, ginkgo helped reduce blood viscosity and improved blood flow to the brain. This resulted in a boost in global cognitive function.<sup data-fn=\"9621ddbe-faa8-42c9-9bdb-08e414d6faee\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"9621ddbe-faa8-42c9-9bdb-08e414d6faee-link\" href=\"#9621ddbe-faa8-42c9-9bdb-08e414d6faee\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another study followed healthy, older subjects for 6 weeks. They self-reported enhanced speed in their processing and recall abilities.<sup data-fn=\"730278c4-3895-418b-a8ff-157869664072\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"730278c4-3895-418b-a8ff-157869664072-link\" href=\"#730278c4-3895-418b-a8ff-157869664072\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>5) Ashwagandha<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is another herb used in ancient Ayurvedic medicine. This herb may help reduce anxiety. It may also improve mental health in individuals with moderate to severe anxiety. The longer the intake, the more significant the reduction in anxiety.<sup data-fn=\"ede83a90-5d97-4a4a-b018-5be8067f2531\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"ede83a90-5d97-4a4a-b018-5be8067f2531-link\" href=\"#ede83a90-5d97-4a4a-b018-5be8067f2531\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As for safety and efficacy, it seems to be pretty safe. In one study, subjects who took this herb twice a day for 8 weeks reported no adverse effects.<sup data-fn=\"d78b0183-ecd9-4a84-9c6b-bd45ba0aba3e\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"d78b0183-ecd9-4a84-9c6b-bd45ba0aba3e-link\" href=\"#d78b0183-ecd9-4a84-9c6b-bd45ba0aba3e\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>6) L-Theanine<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do you find yourself feeling calm and relaxed after a cup of tea? Well, that\u2019s because of L-Theanine, a calming amino acid found naturally in tea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One study found that people who took 200mg of L-theanine felt more relaxed, but not drowsy or sleepy<sup data-fn=\"92cf83db-b51c-46df-9691-a6a99b950eb8\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"92cf83db-b51c-46df-9691-a6a99b950eb8-link\" href=\"#92cf83db-b51c-46df-9691-a6a99b950eb8\">14<\/a><\/sup>. Another study supported this outcome by showing that L-theanine increased alpha brainwave activity. This indicates that the mind is in a relaxed but non-drowsy state.<sup data-fn=\"b2f32c6d-8053-4fcd-a166-611ce6034ade\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"b2f32c6d-8053-4fcd-a166-611ce6034ade-link\" href=\"#b2f32c6d-8053-4fcd-a166-611ce6034ade\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, L-theanine can pass through the blood-brain barrier and has neuroprotective effects. A 47.5mg daily dose was enough to slow down cognitive decline in elderly subjects.<sup data-fn=\"44d033c9-c669-492e-9757-33f57cff4898\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"44d033c9-c669-492e-9757-33f57cff4898-link\" href=\"#44d033c9-c669-492e-9757-33f57cff4898\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>7) Phosphatidylserine<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/q3-phosphatidylserine-2.png\" alt=\"bottle of pure phosphatidylserine with books in background\" class=\"wp-image-109797\" style=\"width:300px\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/product\/phosphatidylserine-100mg\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Phosphatidylserine<\/a><\/strong> (PS) is found in every single cell in the human body, with the highest concentrations found in brain cell walls.<sup data-fn=\"79451df8-7b1f-43a5-929f-c7b624ea1165\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"79451df8-7b1f-43a5-929f-c7b624ea1165-link\" href=\"#79451df8-7b1f-43a5-929f-c7b624ea1165\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are a number of studies that support the nootropic effects of PS. For instance, elderly people with mild cognitive impairment experienced better memory recall after taking soy lecithin PS for six months.<sup data-fn=\"56d90cef-1050-4390-9595-af73379993cc\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"56d90cef-1050-4390-9595-af73379993cc-link\" href=\"#56d90cef-1050-4390-9595-af73379993cc\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PS also helps lower cortisol levels in healthy individuals (cortisol is a major stress hormone). A 100mg dose taken 3 times daily is enough to lower stress and anxiety. This dose is also sufficient for better mood and sleep.<sup data-fn=\"a0206d95-2971-473f-b10b-684afee04892\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"a0206d95-2971-473f-b10b-684afee04892-link\" href=\"#a0206d95-2971-473f-b10b-684afee04892\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>8) Uridine monophosphate<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Uridine monophosphate (UMP) is the bioavailable form of uridine, a nucleoside found in RNA (ribonucleic acid). There are limited human studies, but the initial results are promising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Animal studies support its antidepressant effect, as well as its role in cognitive development. Additionally, it may also help stimulate GABA and dopamine production, which may improve focus and relaxation.<sup data-fn=\"5949de9c-8dba-4b62-b39f-6607115f046b\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"5949de9c-8dba-4b62-b39f-6607115f046b-link\" href=\"#5949de9c-8dba-4b62-b39f-6607115f046b\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>9) B-complex vitamins<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>All vitamins are important when it comes to optimal health and well-being. But B-complex vitamins, especially B6, B9, and B12 are considered major players when it comes to brain health. This is because these 3 B vitamins contribute to normal homocysteine metabolism.<sup data-fn=\"d50fc2ce-3fb4-44a6-a1b8-fa96f1b941b3\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"d50fc2ce-3fb4-44a6-a1b8-fa96f1b941b3-link\" href=\"#d50fc2ce-3fb4-44a6-a1b8-fa96f1b941b3\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>High homocysteine levels are linked to depression, cerebral vascular disease, and neurotransmitter deficiency.<sup data-fn=\"1828d683-3e33-4abd-b861-5b69a124ca98\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"1828d683-3e33-4abd-b861-5b69a124ca98-link\" href=\"#1828d683-3e33-4abd-b861-5b69a124ca98\">22<\/a><\/sup> Moreover, it is also an early marker for cognitive impairment in the elderly.<sup data-fn=\"2889e449-febf-452e-8da3-180b133b1d3c\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"2889e449-febf-452e-8da3-180b133b1d3c-link\" href=\"#2889e449-febf-452e-8da3-180b133b1d3c\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, it\u2019s still important to get the full range of B-complex vitamins. A deficiency in one or more B vitamins may lead to health issues. This includes less-than-optimal brain function and a possible decline in cognitive function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One study even suggests that taking the full range of B vitamins at doses that exceed current recommendations may help preserve brain health.<sup data-fn=\"8b34b5ae-f27c-4385-b569-2de0367bc448\" class=\"fn\"><a id=\"8b34b5ae-f27c-4385-b569-2de0367bc448-link\" href=\"#8b34b5ae-f27c-4385-b569-2de0367bc448\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final thoughts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nootropics like <strong>Lion\u2019s Mane<\/strong> and <strong>Phosphatidylserine<\/strong> offer natural support for brain health, helping to enhance focus, memory, and overall cognitive function. The best part? They work without relying on caffeine or stimulants, so you get real, sustained benefits without the crash. To make the most of your nootropic intake, pair them with a healthy lifestyle\u2014because no supplement can replace good sleep, a balanced diet, and regular mental stimulation!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Have you tried nootropics before? Which ones worked best for you? Let us know in the comments below\u2014we\u2019d love to hear your thoughts!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>References<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes has-small-font-size\"><li id=\"ab95039a-203a-47ff-ae8c-9ffb5a6e40d8\">The nootropic concept and its prospective implications, Prof. Corneliu E. Giurgea, Drug Development Research Volume 2, Issue 5 p. 441-446 <a href=\"#ab95039a-203a-47ff-ae8c-9ffb5a6e40d8-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d0773479-0ba1-4445-90d2-d053149a28d6\">Historical and cultural aspects of man\u2019s relationship with addictive drugs, Marc-Antoine Crocq, Dialogues Clin Neurosci . 2007;9(4):355-61 <a href=\"#d0773479-0ba1-4445-90d2-d053149a28d6-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"1401111e-169e-490d-8e10-7a4eaa60054f\">Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update, Reena Kulkarni 1, K J Girish, Abhimanyu Kumar, Pharmacogn Rev . 2012 Jul;6(12):147-53. <a href=\"#1401111e-169e-490d-8e10-7a4eaa60054f-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"b9044349-34ba-40fa-966f-e618d88b82dd\">Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake, Mayumi Nagano, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Ryuichiro Kondo, Chickako Hayashi, Daigo Sato, Katsuyuki Kitagawa, Koichiro Ohnuki, Biomed Res . 2010 Aug;31(4):231-7 <a href=\"#b9044349-34ba-40fa-966f-e618d88b82dd-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"c7146419-387e-4d18-a761-e102e0172cc2\">Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, Koichiro Mori, Satoshi Inatomi, Kenzi Ouchi, Yoshihito Azumi, Takashi Tuchida, Phytotherapy ResearchVolume 23, Issue 3 p. 367-372 <a href=\"#c7146419-387e-4d18-a761-e102e0172cc2-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d71b0b84-481e-4e3c-968e-836f31f1d9e1\">Economics of coffee, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economics_of_coffee <a href=\"#d71b0b84-481e-4e3c-968e-836f31f1d9e1-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"8318d976-9ac4-4081-8e40-ccece286e441\">A review of caffeine\u2019s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance, Tom M McLellan, John A Caldwell, Harris R Lieberman, Neurosci Biobehav Rev . 2016 Dec;71:294-312 <a href=\"#8318d976-9ac4-4081-8e40-ccece286e441-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 7\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"3d041986-2aa6-47a0-9411-1d3af31d06b1\">Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: an overview, A Russo, F Borrelli, Phytomedicine . 2005 Apr;12(4):305-17. <a href=\"#3d041986-2aa6-47a0-9411-1d3af31d06b1-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 8\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5a7a8c7a-c978-4cdd-bf9c-6eb3516da549\">Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract, Chuenjid Kongkeaw, Piyameth Dilokthornsakul, Phurit Thanarangsarit, Nanteetip Limpeanchob, C Norman Scholfield, J Ethnopharmacol . 2014;151(1):528-35 <a href=\"#5a7a8c7a-c978-4cdd-bf9c-6eb3516da549-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 9\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"9621ddbe-faa8-42c9-9bdb-08e414d6faee\">Cognitive performance, SPECT, and blood viscosity in elderly non-demented people using Ginkgo biloba, R F Santos, J C Galdur\u00f3z, A Barbieri, M L Castiglioni, L Y Ytaya, O F Bueno, Pharmacopsychiatry . 2003 Jul;36(4):127-33. <a href=\"#9621ddbe-faa8-42c9-9bdb-08e414d6faee-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 10\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"730278c4-3895-418b-a8ff-157869664072\">An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults, J A Mix, W D Crews Jr, J Altern Complement Med . 2000 Jun;6(3):219-29. <a href=\"#730278c4-3895-418b-a8ff-157869664072-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 11\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"ede83a90-5d97-4a4a-b018-5be8067f2531\">A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of withania somnifera, C Andrade, A Aswath, S K Chaturvedi, M Srinivasa, R Raguram, Indian J Psychiatry . 2000 Jul;42(3):295-301. <a href=\"#ede83a90-5d97-4a4a-b018-5be8067f2531-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 12\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d78b0183-ecd9-4a84-9c6b-bd45ba0aba3e\">Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers, Narsing Verma, Sandeep Kumar Gupta, Shashank Tiwari, Ashok Kumar Mishra, Complement Ther Med . 2021 Mar;57:102642. <a href=\"#d78b0183-ecd9-4a84-9c6b-bd45ba0aba3e-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 13\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"92cf83db-b51c-46df-9691-a6a99b950eb8\">Effect of Green Tea Phytochemicals on Mood and Cognition, Christina Dietz, Matthijs Dekker, Curr Pharm Des . 2017;23(19):2876-2905 <a href=\"#92cf83db-b51c-46df-9691-a6a99b950eb8-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 14\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"b2f32c6d-8053-4fcd-a166-611ce6034ade\">L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state, Anna C Nobre, Anling Rao, Gail N Owen, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr . 2008;17 Suppl 1:167-8. <a href=\"#b2f32c6d-8053-4fcd-a166-611ce6034ade-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 15\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"44d033c9-c669-492e-9757-33f57cff4898\">Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction, Takami Kakuda, Pharmacol Res . 2011 Aug;64(2):162-8. <a href=\"#44d033c9-c669-492e-9757-33f57cff4898-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 16\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"79451df8-7b1f-43a5-929f-c7b624ea1165\">Phospholipid\u2014the dynamic structure between living and non-living world; a much obligatory supramolecule for present and future, Manikandan Alagumuthu, Divakar Dahiya, Poonam Singh Nigam, AIMS Molecular Science 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1: 1-19. <a href=\"#79451df8-7b1f-43a5-929f-c7b624ea1165-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 17\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"56d90cef-1050-4390-9595-af73379993cc\">Soybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaints, Akito Kato-Kataoka, Masashi Sakai, Rika Ebina, Chiaki Nonaka, Tsuguyoshi Asano, Takashi Miyamori, J Clin Biochem Nutr . 2010 Nov;47(3):246-55. <a href=\"#56d90cef-1050-4390-9595-af73379993cc-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 18\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"a0206d95-2971-473f-b10b-684afee04892\">Effects of soy lecithin phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine complex (PAS) on the endocrine and psychological responses to mental stress, J Hellhammer, E Fries, C Buss, V Engert, A Tuch, D Rutenberg, D Hellhammer, Stress . 2004 Jun;7(2):119-26. <a href=\"#a0206d95-2971-473f-b10b-684afee04892-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 19\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5949de9c-8dba-4b62-b39f-6607115f046b\">Uridine attenuates morphine-induced conditioned place preference and regulates glutamate\/GABA levels in mPFC of mice, Ping Liu, Xiaohang Che, Lisha Yu, Xiaofeng Yang, Nina An, Wu Song, Chunfu Wu, Jingyu Yang, Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 2017 Dec;163:74-82. <a href=\"#5949de9c-8dba-4b62-b39f-6607115f046b-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 20\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d50fc2ce-3fb4-44a6-a1b8-fa96f1b941b3\">Food and Feed Information Portal Database, https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/food-feed-portal\/screen\/home?event=search <a href=\"#d50fc2ce-3fb4-44a6-a1b8-fa96f1b941b3-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 21\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"1828d683-3e33-4abd-b861-5b69a124ca98\">The homocysteine hypothesis of depression, Marshal Folstein, Timothy Liu, Inga Peter, Jennifer Buell, Lisa Arsenault, Tammy Scott, Wendy W Qiu, Am J Psychiatry . 2007 Jun;164(6):861-7. <a href=\"#1828d683-3e33-4abd-b861-5b69a124ca98-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 22\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"2889e449-febf-452e-8da3-180b133b1d3c\">Identification of cognitive impairment in the elderly: homocysteine is an early marker, M Lehmann, C G Gottfries, B Regland, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord . 1999 Jan-Feb;10(1):12-20. <a href=\"#2889e449-febf-452e-8da3-180b133b1d3c-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 23\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"8b34b5ae-f27c-4385-b569-2de0367bc448\">Citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects, X A Alvarez, M Laredo, D Corzo, L Fern\u00e1ndez-Novoa, R Mouzo, J E Perea, D Daniele, R Cacabelos, Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol . 1997 Apr;19(3):201-10. <a href=\"#8b34b5ae-f27c-4385-b569-2de0367bc448-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 24\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You\u2019ve probably seen ads for smart drugs, cognitive enhancers, memory supplements, brain vitamins, and intelligence boosters. But what actually works? In this article, we&#8217;ll dive into the amazing world of natural nootropics, like Lion\u2019s Mane and Phosphatidylserine, and explore their benefits for brain health and cognitive performance! What are nootropics? Nootropics can refer to natural&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":131079,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"The nootropic concept and its prospective implications, Prof. Corneliu E. Giurgea, Drug Development Research Volume 2, Issue 5 p. 441-446\",\"id\":\"ab95039a-203a-47ff-ae8c-9ffb5a6e40d8\"},{\"content\":\"Historical and cultural aspects of man\u2019s relationship with addictive drugs, Marc-Antoine Crocq, Dialogues Clin Neurosci . 2007;9(4):355-61\",\"id\":\"d0773479-0ba1-4445-90d2-d053149a28d6\"},{\"content\":\"Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update, Reena Kulkarni 1, K J Girish, Abhimanyu Kumar, Pharmacogn Rev . 2012 Jul;6(12):147-53.\",\"id\":\"1401111e-169e-490d-8e10-7a4eaa60054f\"},{\"content\":\"Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake, Mayumi Nagano, Kuniyoshi Shimizu, Ryuichiro Kondo, Chickako Hayashi, Daigo Sato, Katsuyuki Kitagawa, Koichiro Ohnuki, Biomed Res . 2010 Aug;31(4):231-7\",\"id\":\"b9044349-34ba-40fa-966f-e618d88b82dd\"},{\"content\":\"Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, Koichiro Mori, Satoshi Inatomi, Kenzi Ouchi, Yoshihito Azumi, Takashi Tuchida, Phytotherapy ResearchVolume 23, Issue 3 p. 367-372\",\"id\":\"c7146419-387e-4d18-a761-e102e0172cc2\"},{\"content\":\"Economics of coffee, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economics_of_coffee\",\"id\":\"d71b0b84-481e-4e3c-968e-836f31f1d9e1\"},{\"content\":\"A review of caffeine\u2019s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance, Tom M McLellan, John A Caldwell, Harris R Lieberman, Neurosci Biobehav Rev . 2016 Dec;71:294-312\",\"id\":\"8318d976-9ac4-4081-8e40-ccece286e441\"},{\"content\":\"Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: an overview, A Russo, F Borrelli, Phytomedicine . 2005 Apr;12(4):305-17.\",\"id\":\"3d041986-2aa6-47a0-9411-1d3af31d06b1\"},{\"content\":\"Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract, Chuenjid Kongkeaw, Piyameth Dilokthornsakul, Phurit Thanarangsarit, Nanteetip Limpeanchob, C Norman Scholfield, J Ethnopharmacol . 2014;151(1):528-35\",\"id\":\"5a7a8c7a-c978-4cdd-bf9c-6eb3516da549\"},{\"content\":\"Cognitive performance, SPECT, and blood viscosity in elderly non-demented people using Ginkgo biloba, R F Santos, J C Galdur\u00f3z, A Barbieri, M L Castiglioni, L Y Ytaya, O F Bueno, Pharmacopsychiatry . 2003 Jul;36(4):127-33.\",\"id\":\"9621ddbe-faa8-42c9-9bdb-08e414d6faee\"},{\"content\":\"An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults, J A Mix, W D Crews Jr, J Altern Complement Med . 2000 Jun;6(3):219-29.\",\"id\":\"730278c4-3895-418b-a8ff-157869664072\"},{\"content\":\"A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of withania somnifera, C Andrade, A Aswath, S K Chaturvedi, M Srinivasa, R Raguram, Indian J Psychiatry . 2000 Jul;42(3):295-301.\",\"id\":\"ede83a90-5d97-4a4a-b018-5be8067f2531\"},{\"content\":\"Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers, Narsing Verma, Sandeep Kumar Gupta, Shashank Tiwari, Ashok Kumar Mishra, Complement Ther Med . 2021 Mar;57:102642.\",\"id\":\"d78b0183-ecd9-4a84-9c6b-bd45ba0aba3e\"},{\"content\":\"Effect of Green Tea Phytochemicals on Mood and Cognition, Christina Dietz, Matthijs Dekker, Curr Pharm Des . 2017;23(19):2876-2905\",\"id\":\"92cf83db-b51c-46df-9691-a6a99b950eb8\"},{\"content\":\"L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state, Anna C Nobre, Anling Rao, Gail N Owen, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr . 2008;17 Suppl 1:167-8.\",\"id\":\"b2f32c6d-8053-4fcd-a166-611ce6034ade\"},{\"content\":\"Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction, Takami Kakuda, Pharmacol Res . 2011 Aug;64(2):162-8.\",\"id\":\"44d033c9-c669-492e-9757-33f57cff4898\"},{\"content\":\"Phospholipid\u2014the dynamic structure between living and non-living world; a much obligatory supramolecule for present and future, Manikandan Alagumuthu, Divakar Dahiya, Poonam Singh Nigam, AIMS Molecular Science 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1: 1-19.\",\"id\":\"79451df8-7b1f-43a5-929f-c7b624ea1165\"},{\"content\":\"Soybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaints, Akito Kato-Kataoka, Masashi Sakai, Rika Ebina, Chiaki Nonaka, Tsuguyoshi Asano, Takashi Miyamori, J Clin Biochem Nutr . 2010 Nov;47(3):246-55.\",\"id\":\"56d90cef-1050-4390-9595-af73379993cc\"},{\"content\":\"Effects of soy lecithin phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine complex (PAS) on the endocrine and psychological responses to mental stress, J Hellhammer, E Fries, C Buss, V Engert, A Tuch, D Rutenberg, D Hellhammer, Stress . 2004 Jun;7(2):119-26.\",\"id\":\"a0206d95-2971-473f-b10b-684afee04892\"},{\"content\":\"Uridine attenuates morphine-induced conditioned place preference and regulates glutamate\/GABA levels in mPFC of mice, Ping Liu, Xiaohang Che, Lisha Yu, Xiaofeng Yang, Nina An, Wu Song, Chunfu Wu, Jingyu Yang, Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 2017 Dec;163:74-82.\",\"id\":\"5949de9c-8dba-4b62-b39f-6607115f046b\"},{\"content\":\"Food and Feed Information Portal Database, https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/food-feed-portal\/screen\/home?event=search\",\"id\":\"d50fc2ce-3fb4-44a6-a1b8-fa96f1b941b3\"},{\"content\":\"The homocysteine hypothesis of depression, Marshal Folstein, Timothy Liu, Inga Peter, Jennifer Buell, Lisa Arsenault, Tammy Scott, Wendy W Qiu, Am J Psychiatry . 2007 Jun;164(6):861-7.\",\"id\":\"1828d683-3e33-4abd-b861-5b69a124ca98\"},{\"content\":\"Identification of cognitive impairment in the elderly: homocysteine is an early marker, M Lehmann, C G Gottfries, B Regland, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord . 1999 Jan-Feb;10(1):12-20.\",\"id\":\"2889e449-febf-452e-8da3-180b133b1d3c\"},{\"content\":\"Citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects, X A Alvarez, M Laredo, D Corzo, L Fern\u00e1ndez-Novoa, R Mouzo, J E Perea, D Daniele, R Cacabelos, Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol . 1997 Apr;19(3):201-10.\",\"id\":\"8b34b5ae-f27c-4385-b569-2de0367bc448\"}]"},"categories":[672],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-131077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":672,"label":"Uncategorized"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/what-are-nootropics-and-cognitive-enhancing-supplements-01-1-1024x683.jpg",1024,683,true],"author_info":{"display_name":"Angie Arriesgado","author_link":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/author\/angie\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":672,"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":672,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":46,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":672,"category_count":46,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Uncategorized","category_nicename":"uncategorized","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"wpml":{"language":"en-gb","is_original":false,"original_post_id":134738,"translations":{"de-de":{"id":134738,"language":"de-de","is_original":true},"en-gb":{"id":131077,"language":"en-gb","is_original":false},"es-es":{"id":79092,"language":"es-es","is_original":false},"fr-fr":{"id":81605,"language":"fr-fr","is_original":false},"it-it":{"id":79611,"language":"it-it","is_original":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131077","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=131077"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131077\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":152807,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131077\/revisions\/152807"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/131079"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=131077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=131077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=131077"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=131077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}