{"id":219968,"date":"2021-06-07T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-07T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/autofagie-vedecke-vysvetleni\/"},"modified":"2025-09-23T11:41:03","modified_gmt":"2025-09-23T10:41:03","slug":"autofagie-vedecke-vysvetleni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/autofagie-vedecke-vysvetleni\/","title":{"rendered":"Autofagie a jej\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed \u2013 Za hranice popul\u00e1rn\u00ed post\u011bn\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>P\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst byla nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed <strong>dieta<\/strong> v roce 2020. A\u0165 jde o 16:8, 5:2, nebo je p\u016fst v pracovn\u00edch dnech,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/intermittent-fasting-is-now-the-1-diet-in-the-us-and-fast-bar-is-the-only-brand-specifically-formulated-to-curb-hunger-without-breaking-your-fast-301177033.html#:~:text=19%2C%202020%20%2FPRNewswire%2F%20%2D%2D,in%20the%20past%2024%20months.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17 milion\u016f lid\u00ed v Americe n\u00e1sleduje tento trend<\/a>. Stejn\u011b jako v\u0161echny diety, lid\u00e9 a celebrity zaplavily Instagram sv\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o \u00fasp\u011bchu a se zapojili.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ale p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli jste n\u011bkdy o&nbsp;<strong>tom, co se d\u011bje ve va\u0161em t\u011ble, kdy\u017e d\u011bl\u00e1te p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst<\/strong>?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zn\u00e1te v\u0161echnu tu&nbsp;<strong>v\u011bdu okolo&nbsp;autofagie, kter\u00e1 stoj\u00ed za p\u016fstem<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dnes jsem tady, abych prolomil v\u011bdu o&nbsp;autofagii&nbsp;a p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9m p\u016fstu, tak\u017ee m\u00e1te 100% skute\u010dn\u00fd vhled do toho, co se d\u011bje ve va\u0161em t\u011ble.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je&nbsp;autofagie?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autophagy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Autofagie<\/a>&nbsp;poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze slov \u201eauto\u201c a \u201efagy\u201c. \u201eAuto\u201c znamen\u00e1&nbsp;<em>j\u00e1<\/em>, \u201efagy\u201c znamen\u00e1&nbsp;<em>j\u00edst. V kombinaci znamen\u00e1&nbsp;autofagie&nbsp;doslovn\u011b \u201estravov\u00e1n\u00ed sam\u00e9ho sebe<\/em>. Je to forma kanibalizace, ale NEN\u00cd to \u0161patn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Je to p\u0159irozen\u00fd zp\u016fsob \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bla od mrtv\u00fdch, po\u0161kozen\u00fdch a star\u00fdch bun\u011bk. T\u00edm t\u011blo za\u010dne produkovat a regenerovat nov\u00e9 zdrav\u00e9, bu\u0148ky.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak se vyslovuje&nbsp;autofagie?&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Je vyslovov\u00e1no&nbsp;<strong>au \u00b7 to \u00b7 fa \u00b7&nbsp;gie<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O tom, jak jsme v\u017edycky zaseknut\u00ed ve re\u017eimu hostiny&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Za dva miliony let na\u0161eho v\u00fdvoje, kdy se lid\u00e9 odch\u00fdlili od lidoop\u016f, byly doby, kdy bylo v na\u0161em prost\u0159ed\u00ed hojn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed potravin. Byly tak\u00e9 \u010dasy, kdy bylo j\u00eddlo vz\u00e1cn\u00e9. Ale dnes, alespo\u0148 pro v\u011bt\u0161inu v rozvinut\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, je st\u00e1le k dispozici dostatek kalori\u00ed. Tak\u017ee v norm\u00e1ln\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b u\u017e neproch\u00e1z\u00edme&nbsp;<strong>cyklem hostiny a hladomoru,<\/strong>&nbsp;jako to bylo d\u0159\u00edve. M\u00edsto toho&nbsp;<strong>jsme v\u017edy uv\u00edzli v \u201ehodov\u00e9m re\u017eimu\u201c.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee jsme se vyvinuli, abychom proch\u00e1zeli hodov\u00e9m re\u017eimu a hladomorem, tak\u017ee na\u0161e t\u011bla funguj\u00ed nejl\u00e9pe, kdy\u017e jsou vystavena ob\u011bma.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Kdy\u017e m\u00e1me dostatek potravy, bu\u0148ky t\u011bla mohou r\u016fst a mno\u017eit se. Ale kdy\u017e nem\u00e1me dostatek j\u00eddla, t\u011blo m\u016f\u017ee \u201ep\u0159epnout metabolick\u00fd p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d\u201c (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>&nbsp;), kter\u00fd se m\u00edsto toho zam\u011b\u0159uje na pos\u00edlen\u00ed reakce na\u0161ich bun\u011bk na stres.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Bu\u0148ky to d\u011blaj\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed star\u00e9 a po\u0161kozen\u00e9 bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 komponenty, obnovuj\u00ed a regeneruj\u00ed je a zvy\u0161uj\u00ed produkci v\u011bc\u00ed, jako jsou antioxidanty.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Rozebran\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti lze pot\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt k v\u00fdrob\u011b nov\u00fdch bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch slo\u017eek nebo energie.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Aby byl \u010dlov\u011bk zdrav\u00fd, v ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159ebujeme mezi nimi dobrou rovnov\u00e1hu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klady a z\u00e1pory p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9ho p\u016fstu&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PRO<\/strong>: P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho hodov\u00e1n\u00ed a po\u0161kozen\u00fdch b\u00edlkovin a ostatn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed bun\u011bk pot\u00e9, co bu\u0148ky tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u0161e v na\u0161em t\u011ble, v\u010detn\u011b na\u0161ich org\u00e1n\u016f, nakonec se za\u010dne kazit i v\u0161echno ostatn\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00cdNUS:<\/strong>&nbsp;P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho hladomoru v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsobit probl\u00e9m, proto\u017ee tr\u00e1v\u00edme p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho \u010dasu rozpad\u00e1n\u00edm na\u0161ich bun\u011bk opravou a nedod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm energie.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Opravdu pot\u0159ebujeme vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed t\u011bchto dvou funkc\u00ed. P\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst n\u00e1m to umo\u017e\u0148uje, proto\u017ee m\u016f\u017eeme napodobovat obdob\u00ed hladomoru a snadno to kombinovat s n\u011bjak\u00fdm hodov\u00e1n\u00edm.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">MTOR vs.&nbsp;Autofagie&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rovnov\u00e1ha mezi&nbsp;<strong>sv\u00e1tkem<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<strong>hladomorem<\/strong>&nbsp;se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 ve dvou protich\u016fdn\u00fdch bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch procesech, kter\u00e9 v na\u0161em t\u011ble prob\u00edhaj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b; jsou to&nbsp;<strong>mTOR<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<strong>autofagie<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">mTOR&nbsp;&#8211; Enzym, Velikono\u010dn\u00ed ostrov a o \u010dem sn\u00ed kulturist\u00e9!&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Za prv\u00e9,&nbsp;<strong>mTOR, je r\u016fstov\u00fd proces<\/strong>.&nbsp;mTOR&nbsp;znamen\u00e1 \u201emechanick\u00fd c\u00edl&nbsp;rapamycinu\u201c.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je to legra\u010dn\u00ed jm\u00e9no, ale je za t\u00edm p\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fvod. N\u00e1zev dostal&nbsp;<strong>podle p\u016fdn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly poprv\u00e9 nalezeny na expedici na Velikono\u010dn\u00ed ostrov<\/strong>&nbsp;v 60. letech. Velikono\u010dn\u00ed ostrov je ostrov v Pacifiku asi 2 000 mil od pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Chile, zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fdm d\u011bdictv\u00edm s v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 000 star\u00fdmi sochami. Obyvatel\u00e9 ostrova Velikono\u010dn\u00ed ostrov ozna\u010duj\u00ed tak\u00e9&nbsp;<strong>jako Rapa&nbsp;Nui, proto se bakterie po ostrov\u011b Rapa&nbsp;Nui&nbsp;naz\u00fdvaly&nbsp;rapamycin.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>mTOR<\/strong>&nbsp;nejsou p\u016fdn\u00ed bakterie.<strong>&nbsp;Je to vlastn\u011b enzym produkovan\u00fd v na\u0161ich t\u011blech<\/strong>. P\u016fdn\u00ed bakterie&nbsp;rapamycin&nbsp;v\u0161ak stimuluje aktivitu&nbsp;mTOR, tak\u017ee se enzym stal zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jako \u201ec\u00edl\u201c&nbsp;rapamycinu. Kdy\u017e je tento enzym stimulov\u00e1n, bu\u0148ky za\u010dnou r\u016fst a vytv\u00e1\u0159et b\u00edlkoviny a rychleji se mno\u017eit.&nbsp;<strong>mTOR&nbsp;je dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00fd kulturist\u016fm a dal\u0161\u00edm silov\u00fdm sportovc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed se ho sna\u017e\u00ed co nejv\u00edce stimulovat.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Autofagie&nbsp;&#8211; v\u011bda o postn\u00edch diet\u00e1ch&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Opa\u010dn\u00fd proces&nbsp;mTOR&nbsp;se naz\u00fdv\u00e1&nbsp;Autofagie, kdy bu\u0148ky za\u010dnou rozkl\u00e1dat star\u00e9 a po\u0161kozen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti. Proto\u017ee tyto dva procesy jsou navz\u00e1jem protich\u016fdn\u00e9, je p\u0159i stimulaci&nbsp;mTOR&nbsp;autofagie&nbsp;odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem n\u00edzk\u00e1. A kdy\u017e je stimulov\u00e1na&nbsp;autofagie,&nbsp;mTOR&nbsp;je n\u00edzk\u00e1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak p\u0159esn\u011b funguje&nbsp;autofagie?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 V&nbsp;autofagii&nbsp;tvo\u0159\u00ed bu\u0148ky speci\u00e1ln\u00ed struktury zvan\u00e9&nbsp;fagofory.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022&nbsp;Fagofory&nbsp;jsou membr\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 pomalu rostou a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed tvar koule pokryt\u00e9 membr\u00e1nou.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Membr\u00e1na je vyrobena z n\u011b\u010deho, co se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 lipidov\u00e1 dvojvrstva.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Lipidy jsou molekuly na b\u00e1zi tuku a lipidov\u00e9 dvojvrstvy obklopuj\u00ed v\u0161echny organely v na\u0161ich bu\u0148k\u00e1ch a tak\u00e9 v\u0161echny na\u0161e bu\u0148ky, v\u0161ech 20 miliard z nich!&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 organely pln\u00ed v na\u0161ich bu\u0148k\u00e1ch r\u016fzn\u00e9 funkce a lze je trochu zobrazit jako r\u016fzn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny v na\u0161em t\u011ble.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-05-1024x615.jpg\" alt=\"f\u00e1ze autofagie\" class=\"wp-image-131106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-05-1024x615.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-05-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-05-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-05-600x360.jpg 600w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-05.jpg 1413w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tvorba&nbsp;fagofor\u016f&nbsp;<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Zat\u00edmco se m\u00ed\u010d nebo&nbsp;fagofor&nbsp;pln\u011b formuje, pohybuje se kolem bu\u0148ky. Shroma\u017e\u010fuje proteiny a dal\u0161\u00ed organely, kter\u00e9 dostaly&nbsp;<strong>speci\u00e1ln\u00ed marker,<\/strong>&nbsp;kter\u00fd sd\u011bluje&nbsp;fagoforu, \u017ee byly vybr\u00e1ny, aby se rozlo\u017eily. Tento speci\u00e1ln\u00ed marker se naz\u00fdv\u00e1&nbsp;<strong>ubikvitin<\/strong>.&nbsp;Fagofor&nbsp;se pot\u00e9 pohybuje kolem bu\u0148ky a sb\u00edr\u00e1 v\u0161echny&nbsp;ubikvitinovan\u00e9&nbsp;proteiny a organely.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tvorba&nbsp;fagofor\u016f&nbsp;je dokon\u010dena&nbsp;<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Membr\u00e1ny se pot\u00e9 pln\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed kolem protein\u016f a organel. Kdy\u017e k tomu dojde, zm\u011bn\u00ed se n\u00e1zev struktury z&nbsp;fagoforu&nbsp;na&nbsp;<strong>autofagozom<\/strong>. Tento&nbsp;autofagozom&nbsp;se pot\u00e9 posune k lysozomu a spoj\u00ed se s n\u00edm.&nbsp;Lysosom&nbsp;je organela, o kter\u00e9 lze uva\u017eovat jako o \u017ealudku bu\u0148ky, i kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b pravda, proto\u017ee bu\u0148ka obsahuje mnoho lysozom\u016f!&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stejn\u011b jako v na\u0161em \u017ealudku je v\u0161ak obsah lysozom\u016f kysel\u00fd a obsahuje tr\u00e1vic\u00ed enzymy, kter\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed b\u00edlkoviny a organely. Jakmile jsou rozd\u011bleny na jednotliv\u00e9 aminokyseliny, mohou b\u00fdt znovu pou\u017eity k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch protein\u016f,&nbsp;organel,&nbsp;a dokonce i nov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Nebo mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 pou\u017eity k v\u00fdrob\u011b energie j\u00e1try v procesu zn\u00e1m\u00e9m jako glukoneogeneze. Aminokyseliny, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro nov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a proteiny, to d\u011blaj\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee jsou stimulov\u00e1ny enzymem&nbsp;mTOR, tak\u017ee se cyklus dokon\u010d\u00ed, kdy\u017e se t\u011blo p\u0159epne mezi&nbsp;autofagi\u00ed&nbsp;a&nbsp;mTOR.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2-4-1024x683.jpeg\" alt=\"autofagozomov\u00e1 f\u00faze s lysozomem\" class=\"wp-image-150547\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2-4-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2-4-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2-4-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2-4-600x400.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2-4.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed&nbsp;autofagozom&nbsp;f\u00fazuj\u00edc\u00ed s oran\u017eov\u00fdm lysozomem&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Existuje tak\u00e9 specifick\u00fd typ&nbsp;autofagie, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 mitochondriemi. K tomu doch\u00e1z\u00ed selektivn\u00ed degradac\u00ed mitochondri\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm procesu zvan\u00e9ho&nbsp;<strong>mitofagie<\/strong>. Mitochondrie, tak\u00e9 organely, jsou motory na\u0161ich bun\u011bk a produkuj\u00ed na\u0161i energii. V ka\u017ed\u00e9 z na\u0161ich bun\u011bk je jich velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed, 2000 nebo v\u00edce.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proto\u017ee v\u0161ak k v\u00fdrob\u011b energie pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me kysl\u00edk a kysl\u00edk vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed oxida\u010dn\u00ed stres, na\u0161e mitochondrie se neust\u00e1le pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed s voln\u00fdmi radik\u00e1ly. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jsou velmi n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k po\u0161kozen\u00ed, tak\u017ee rozbit\u00ed a oprava po\u0161kozen\u00fdch mitochondri\u00ed je kritick\u00fdm procesem prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdm v&nbsp;mitofagii.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"849\" height=\"848\" src=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-06.jpg\" alt=\"Autofagie a mitofagie\" class=\"wp-image-131107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-06.jpg 849w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-06-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-06-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-06-768x767.jpg 768w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-06-600x599.jpg 600w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-06-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak p\u016fst stimuluje&nbsp;autofagii&nbsp;a&nbsp;mitofagii&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kdy\u017e se post\u00edme, doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed energie p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed do t\u011bla potravou<\/strong>. To vede k m\u00edrn\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 nerovnov\u00e1ze, proto\u017ee se spot\u0159ebuje v\u00edce energie, ne\u017e se vyrob\u00ed.&nbsp;<strong>Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed enzym v t\u011ble neust\u00e1le sleduje tuto energetickou rovnov\u00e1hu; tento enzym se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 AMPK (protein kin\u00e1za aktivovan\u00e1 adenosinmonofosf\u00e1tem).<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u011bl\u00e1 to sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm n\u011b\u010deho, co se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 pom\u011br AMP-k-ATP.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ATP uvol\u0148uje energii, proto\u017ee uvol\u0148uje molekulu fosf\u00e1tu a rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 se na ADP. Kdy\u017e je energie n\u00edzk\u00e1, 2 ADP jsou spojeny dohromady, aby vytvo\u0159ily ATP, co\u017e zanech\u00e1 AMP. (ATP je molekula adenosinu s p\u0159ipojen\u00fdmi 3 fosf\u00e1ty, ADP je molekula adenosinu s p\u0159ipojen\u00fdmi 2 fosf\u00e1ty a AMP je molekula adenosinu s p\u0159ipojen\u00fdm 1 fosf\u00e1tem).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ATP = Adenosin&nbsp;Tri&nbsp;fosf\u00e1t (3 fosf\u00e1ty)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ADP = adenosindifosf\u00e1t (2 fosf\u00e1ty)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AMP = Adenosin Mono fosf\u00e1t (1 fosf\u00e1t)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e se spoj\u00ed 2 ADP (2 fosf\u00e1ty plus 2 fosf\u00e1ty), produkuje ATP (3 fosf\u00e1ty) s AMP (1 zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed fosf\u00e1t).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e se pom\u011br AMP zvy\u0161uje ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s ATP, signalizuje to, \u017ee je k dispozici m\u00e9n\u011b energie, a tak je stimulov\u00e1n AMPK. Kdy\u017e je AMPK stimulov\u00e1n, stimuluje dal\u0161\u00ed protein zvan\u00fd ULK1, kter\u00fd vede k produkci membr\u00e1n, kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed&nbsp;fagofory.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-07-1024x724.jpg\" alt=\"V\u00fdhody p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9ho p\u016fstu\" class=\"wp-image-131108\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-07-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-07-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-07-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-07-600x424.jpg 600w, https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-07.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">NAD + a&nbsp;Sirtuins&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>P\u016fst tak\u00e9 zvy\u0161uje hladinu NAD +<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>oxidovan\u00e9 formy NADH<\/strong>, co\u017e je aktivn\u00ed forma&nbsp;<strong>vitaminu B3<\/strong>&nbsp;(nezbytn\u00fd pro v\u00fdrobu energie).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Sirtuiny&nbsp;jsou rodina b\u00edlkovin, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo stimuluj\u00ed&nbsp;autofagii<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Produkce energie v mitochondri\u00edch vede k tomu, \u017ee se v\u00edce NADH st\u00e1v\u00e1 NAD +<\/strong>. Toto zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pom\u011bru NAD + k NADH stimuluje produkci&nbsp;<strong>sirtuin\u016f<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sirtuiny&nbsp;jsou rodina b\u00edlkovin, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo stimuluj\u00ed&nbsp;autofagii<\/strong>. Jejich produkce je tak\u00e9 spojena se zv\u00fd\u0161enou \u017eivotnost\u00ed a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm opravy DNA (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2<\/a>&nbsp;).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AMPK i&nbsp;Sirtuins&nbsp;tak\u00e9 aktivuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed geny, o nich\u017e je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee maj\u00ed mnoho zdravotn\u00edch v\u00fdhod, zejm\u00e9na v\u010detn\u011b rodiny&nbsp;FoxO, TFEB, PGC-1a&nbsp;a P53.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Aktivace rodiny&nbsp;FoxO&nbsp;je spojena se zv\u00fd\u0161enou odolnost\u00ed proti stresu, del\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotnost\u00ed a men\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdskytem n\u00e1dor\u016f (tj. Rakoviny). Je to zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee se dysfunk\u010dn\u00ed bu\u0148ky dopou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 sebevra\u017edy (apopt\u00f3zy), m\u00edsto aby pokra\u010dovaly v r\u016fstu a potenci\u00e1ln\u011b se staly n\u00e1dory (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a>&nbsp;).&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>TFEB je hlavn\u00edm stimul\u00e1torem produkce nov\u00fdch lysozom\u016f, tak\u017ee se p\u0159\u00edmo pod\u00edl\u00ed na&nbsp;autofagii.&nbsp;<\/li><li>P53 je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako \u201estr\u00e1\u017ece genomu\u201c, proto\u017ee zabra\u0148uje mutac\u00edm DNA (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4<\/a>&nbsp;) a potla\u010duje tvorbu n\u00e1dor\u016f (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>&nbsp;).&nbsp;<\/li><li>PGC-1a&nbsp;je prim\u00e1rn\u00ed gen pod\u00edlej\u00edc\u00ed se na stimulaci produkce nov\u00fdch mitochondri\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce mitochondri\u00ed m\u00e1me, t\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed je tlak na na\u0161e st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed mitochondrie k v\u00fdrob\u011b energie, kterou pot\u0159ebujeme. D\u00edky tomu je na\u0161e v\u00fdroba energie efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u010d\u00edm efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b voln\u00fdch radik\u00e1l\u016f m\u00e1me.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Autofagie&nbsp;a role ket\u00f3zy&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>P\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst<\/strong>&nbsp;tak\u00e9 vede k rozpadu tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b&nbsp;<strong>a zvy\u0161uje hladinu voln\u00fdch mastn\u00fdch kyselin p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch do jater. T\u00edm se zvy\u0161uje mno\u017estv\u00ed produkovan\u00fdch keton\u016f<\/strong>&nbsp;(&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>&nbsp;).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Ketony jsou molekuly na b\u00e1zi tuku, kter\u00e9 mohou produkovat energii<\/em><\/strong><em>.<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ketony jsou molekuly na b\u00e1zi tuku, kter\u00e9 mohou velmi efektivn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bt energii<\/strong>. Spalov\u00e1n\u00ed keton\u016f na energii produkuje m\u00e9n\u011b voln\u00fdch radik\u00e1l\u016f a jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed sni\u017euje z\u00e1n\u011bt. Ketony tak\u00e9 stimuluj\u00ed produkci BDNF (neurotrofick\u00fd&nbsp;faktor odvozen\u00fd od mozku). BDNF je r\u016fstov\u00fd hormon pro mozek a stimuluje r\u016fst nov\u00fdch mozkov\u00fdch bun\u011bk (neuron\u016f). Podporuje tak\u00e9 nov\u00e9&nbsp;synapsie, kter\u00e9 jsou spojen\u00edm mezi neurony (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>&nbsp;). \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce spojen\u00ed nebo synaps\u00ed m\u00e1me, t\u00edm v\u00edce se toho m\u016f\u017eeme nau\u010dit a porozum\u011bt jim.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pro\u010d jsou postn\u00ed diety tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed v roce 2021?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak se tedy tato ob\u010dasn\u00e1&nbsp;p\u016fstn\u00ed&nbsp;v\u011bda skute\u010dn\u011b prom\u00edt\u00e1 do p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f pro zdrav\u00ed?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ztr\u00e1ta v\u00e1hy&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Mnoho lid\u00ed se rozhodne vyzkou\u0161et p\u016fst pro sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhody p\u0159i hubnut\u00ed. Studie uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee subjekty v pr\u016fm\u011bru ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed mezi 2,5 % a 9,9 % sv\u00e9 t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti b\u011bhem obdob\u00ed 3\u20136 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edh\u00e1 nala\u010dno (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7, 8<\/a>&nbsp;). Uk\u00e1zalo se tak\u00e9, \u017ee toto hubnut\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed z tukov\u00e9 hmoty na rozd\u00edl od svalov\u00e9.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u016fst m\u016f\u017ee pomoci regulovat hladinu gluk\u00f3zy a inzul\u00ednu&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Bylo tak\u00e9 prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst sni\u017euje hladinu gluk\u00f3zy a inzul\u00ednu nala\u010dno u diabetik\u016f (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>&nbsp;), ob\u00e9zn\u00edch lid\u00ed (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>&nbsp;) a neob\u00e9zn\u00edch jedinc\u016f (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11<\/a>&nbsp;). Studie u mlad\u00fdch \u017een s nadv\u00e1hou nav\u00edc zjistila poklesy celkov\u00e9ho a LDL cholesterolu, triglycerid\u016f a krevn\u00edho tlaku. Zjistili tak\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9ho markeru C-reaktivn\u00edho proteinu a hormonu&nbsp;leptinu, kter\u00e9 obvykle stoup\u00e1 s obezitou v\u00fd\u0161e.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u016fst pom\u00e1h\u00e1 s regulac\u00ed testosteronu&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Zjistili tak\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed SHBG (globulin v\u00e1zaj\u00edc\u00ed pohlavn\u00ed hormony), kter\u00fd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 sni\u017eovat \u00fa\u010dinky testosteronu. Kdy\u017e se v\u0161ak testosteron u \u017een vy\u0161plh\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysoko, m\u016f\u017ee to m\u00edt ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky (&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">12<\/a>&nbsp;).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt dokonce \u00fa\u010dinky proti st\u00e1rnut\u00ed&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina studi\u00ed o p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9m hladov\u011bn\u00ed a st\u00e1rnut\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed na&nbsp;<strong>zv\u00ed\u0159atech<\/strong>. D\u016fvod je&nbsp;prost\u00fd &#8211; je&nbsp;velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bt tyto studie na lidech, proto\u017ee nem\u016f\u017eete sledovat lidi po cel\u00fd \u017eivot, alespo\u0148 ne p\u0159i zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed toho, \u017ee z\u016fstanou na p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9m&nbsp;p\u016fstov\u00e9m&nbsp;protokolu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stimulace AMPK a&nbsp;sirtuin\u016f&nbsp;b\u011bhem p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9ho hladov\u011bn\u00ed je v\u0161ak siln\u011b spojena se zv\u00fd\u0161enou d\u00e9lkou \u017eivota u zv\u00ed\u0159at.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Studie zjistily, \u017ee p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst zvy\u0161uje d\u00e9lku \u017eivota my\u0161\u00ed a opic a sni\u017euje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee se u nich rozvinou nemoci spojen\u00e9 se st\u00e1rnut\u00edm (&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">13<\/a><em>&nbsp;). Jedna studie na my\u0161\u00edch tak\u00e9 zjistila, \u017ee my\u0161i, kter\u00e9 se postily, se tak\u00e9 vyvarovaly \u00fabytku svalov\u00e9 hmoty, ke kter\u00e9mu doch\u00e1z\u00ed b\u011bhem norm\u00e1ln\u00edho st\u00e1rnut\u00ed (&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/the-science-of-autophagy\/#references\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">9<\/a><em>&nbsp;).<\/em>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br: Stoj\u00ed vlastn\u011b&nbsp;autofagie&nbsp;a p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst za to?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt n\u011bkter\u00e9 velmi pozitivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednosy pro zdrav\u00ed:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>M\u016f\u017ee stimulovat&nbsp;autofagii.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Je to spojeno se zv\u00fd\u0161enou \u017eivotnost\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/li><li>M\u016f\u017ee stimulovat produkci nov\u00fdch mitochondri\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/li><li>M\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit z\u00e1n\u011bt a zlep\u0161it kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 lidem zhubnout.&nbsp;<\/li><li>A m\u016f\u017ee pomoci p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vysok\u00fdch hladin testosteronu u \u017een.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>I kdy\u017e existuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdhody, nezm\u00ednil jsem&nbsp;<strong>jeden potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m s p\u016fstem<\/strong>. A to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se mus\u00edme ujistit, \u017ee se rozhodn\u011b post\u00edme a nejen hladov\u00edme.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud je p\u016fst proveden spr\u00e1vn\u011b, nem\u011blo by to b\u00fdt n\u011bco, co m\u00e1 \u0161patn\u00e9 vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky, jako jsou z\u00e1vrat\u011b, slabost, podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bnost nebo cokoli jin\u00e9ho, co je velmi negativn\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je v po\u0159\u00e1dku c\u00edtit trochu hlad. Pokud se v\u0161ak c\u00edt\u00edte \u0161patn\u011b nebo si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee se nem\u016f\u017eete do\u010dkat, a\u017e se najedete, spustili jste hladov\u011bn\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Odpov\u011b\u010f na hladov\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong>&nbsp;nastane, kdy\u017e neprodukujeme dostatek keton\u016f, kter\u00e9 by poh\u00e1n\u011bly na\u0161e mozky. M\u00edsto toho, proto\u017ee nem\u00e1 dostatek energie p\u0159i j\u00eddle, n\u00e1\u0161 mozek vn\u00edm\u00e1 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd nedostatek potravin. Pot\u00e9 ud\u011bl\u00e1 v\u0161e, co je v na\u0161ich sil\u00e1ch, abychom p\u0159estali d\u011blat v\u011bci a \u0161et\u0159ili energii t\u00edm, \u017ee se c\u00edt\u00edme mizern\u011b.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Napsal jsem podrobn\u00e9ho pr\u016fvodce,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelligentlabs.org\/intermittent-fasting-weight-loss-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">jak se vyhnout hladov\u011bn\u00ed<\/a>, proto si jej pros\u00edm p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte, ne\u017e se rozhodnete, zda je to pro v\u00e1s.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Se spr\u00e1vn\u00fdmi informacemi a pochopen\u00edm toho, jak p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst funguje, by si to v\u011bt\u0161ina m\u011bla vyzkou\u0161et a poc\u00edtit v\u0161echny potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdhody pro sv\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed!&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>(1) Stephen D. Anton, Keelin Moehl, William T. Donahoo, Krisztina Marosi, Stephanie Lee, Arch G. Mainous, III, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, and Mark P. Mattson, Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying Health Benefits of Fasting, Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Feb; 26(2): 254\u2013268.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2) Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, Cai W, Chen X, Pyzik R, et al. Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110: 911\u2013916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(3) Eric L Greer &amp; Anne Brunet, FOXO transcription factors at the interface between longevity and tumor suppression, Oncogene volume 24, pages7410\u20137425(2005)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(4) Read AP, Strachan T (1999). \u201cChapter 18: Cancer Genetics\u201d. Human molecular genetics 2. New York: Wiley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(5) Surget S, Khoury MP, Bourdon JC (December 2013). \u201cUncovering the role of p53 splice variants in human malignancy: a clinical perspective\u201d. OncoTargets and Therapy. 7: 57\u201368.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(6) Sanchis-Gomar F, Garc\u00eda-Gim\u00e9nez JL, G\u00f3mez-Cabrera MC, Pallard\u00f3 FV (2014). \u201cMitochondrial biogenesis in health and disease. Molecular and therapeutic approaches\u201d. Curr. Pharm. Des. 20 (35): 5619\u20135633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(7) Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E. Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet] 2005;81:69\u201373.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(8) Byrne NMM, Sainsbury A, King NAA, Hills APP, Wood REE. Intermittent energy restriction improves weight loss efficiency in obese men: the MATADOR study. Int J Obes [Internet] 2017:1\u201310.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(9) Van Norren K, Rusli F, Van Dijk M, Lute C, Nagel J, Dijk FJ, Dwarkasing J, Boekschoten MV, Luiking Y, Witkamp RF, M\u00fcller M, Steegenga WT, Behavioural changes are a major contributing factor in the reduction of sarcopenia in caloric-restricted ageing mice.<br>J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Sep; 6(3):253-68.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(10) Deng X, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Li N, Chen L. Effects of caloric restriction on SIRT1 expression and apoptosis of islet beta cells in type 2 diabetic rats. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(suppl 1):177\u201385.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(11) M\u2019guil M, Ragala MA, El Guessabi L, Fellat S, Chraibi A, Chabraoui L, et al. Is Ramadan fasting safe in type 2 diabetic patients in view of the lack of significant effect of fasting on clinical and biochemical parameters, blood pressure, and glycemic control ? Clin Exp Hypertens. 2008;30:339\u201357.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(12) Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, et al. The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: A randomized trial in young overweight women. Int J Obes. 2011;35:714\u201327.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(13) Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. Mattson MP, Wan RJ, Nutr Biochem. 2005 Mar; 16(3):129-37.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00fd p\u016fst byla nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dieta v roce 2020. A\u0165 jde o 16:8, 5:2, nebo je p\u016fst v pracovn\u00edch dnech,&nbsp;17 milion\u016f lid\u00ed v Americe n\u00e1sleduje tento trend. Stejn\u011b jako v\u0161echny diety, lid\u00e9 a celebrity zaplavily Instagram sv\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy o \u00fasp\u011bchu a se zapojili.&nbsp; Ale p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli jste n\u011bkdy o&nbsp;tom, co se d\u011bje ve va\u0161em t\u011ble, kdy\u017e d\u011bl\u00e1te&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":129389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2621],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-219968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vyziva"],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":2621,"label":"V\u00fd\u017eiva"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/breaking-down-the-science-of-autophagy-beyond-popular-fasting-diets-02-1024x512.jpg",1024,512,true],"author_info":{"display_name":"David Pashley","author_link":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/author\/david\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":2621,"name":"V\u00fd\u017eiva","slug":"vyziva","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2621,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":61,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":2621,"category_count":61,"category_description":"","cat_name":"V\u00fd\u017eiva","category_nicename":"vyziva","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"wpml":{"language":"cs-cz","is_original":false,"original_post_id":131072,"translations":{"bg-bg":{"id":225723,"language":"bg-bg","is_original":false},"cs-cz":{"id":219968,"language":"cs-cz","is_original":false},"da-dk":{"id":222427,"language":"da-dk","is_original":false},"de-at":{"id":169915,"language":"de-at","is_original":false},"de-de":{"id":74532,"language":"de-de","is_original":false},"el-cy":{"id":229295,"language":"el-cy","is_original":false},"el-gr":{"id":228420,"language":"el-gr","is_original":false},"en-gb":{"id":131072,"language":"en-gb","is_original":true},"en-ie":{"id":164588,"language":"en-ie","is_original":false},"en-mt":{"id":165715,"language":"en-mt","is_original":false},"et-ee":{"id":230243,"language":"et-ee","is_original":false},"fi-fi":{"id":238654,"language":"fi-fi","is_original":false},"fr-fr":{"id":129387,"language":"fr-fr","is_original":false},"hu-hu":{"id":225000,"language":"hu-hu","is_original":false},"it-it":{"id":146182,"language":"it-it","is_original":false},"lt-lt":{"id":234608,"language":"lt-lt","is_original":false},"lv-lv":{"id":230609,"language":"lv-lv","is_original":false},"nl-be":{"id":217778,"language":"nl-be","is_original":false},"nl-nl":{"id":177337,"language":"nl-nl","is_original":false},"pl-pl":{"id":190459,"language":"pl-pl","is_original":false},"pt-pt":{"id":168681,"language":"pt-pt","is_original":false},"ro-ro":{"id":237584,"language":"ro-ro","is_original":false},"sk-sk":{"id":238820,"language":"sk-sk","is_original":false},"sl-si":{"id":239002,"language":"sl-si","is_original":false},"sv-se":{"id":223138,"language":"sv-se","is_original":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/219968","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=219968"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/219968\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":250865,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/219968\/revisions\/250865"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/129389"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=219968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=219968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=219968"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eu.intelligentlabs.org\/cs-cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=219968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}